profile of drug-addicted women

Introduction and Aims: The aim of this study was to evaluate the profile of drug-addicted women to set up programs to provide better service for this group

Materials and Methods: In this qualitative study 65 drug-addicted women referring to Cheetgar and Shosh centers in different age groups, marital status and. were interviewed individually and semi-conductor questionnaire was provided. Sessions and interviews continued until data saturation

Results: More than 68 percent of women stated that one of their family member was addict

The first disposable drug in more than 27 percent of participants was Methamphetamine and in close to 36 percent, the first motivation for beginning of drug abuse and the main was to forget the problems. Half of women were consuming drugs in smoking style and nearly 85 percent of women had a drugs withdrawal

Conclusion: In general as some factors elevate the probability of drug-abuse in women, some reduce the risk of occurrence

Since the head points in women addiction are women treatment requirements [family and partner role] and multifactorial disorders [distemper, sorrow and stressors of accidents] paying special attention in treatment course is necessary

relations between dietary antioxidant vitamins intake and oxidative stress in follicular fluid and ART outcomes

Oxidative stress [OS] in the follicular environment may affect on oocyte competence and antioxidant vitamins may modify its effects. This study was conducted to examine the effect of dietary intake of vitamin A, C and E on OS in follicular environment and assisted reproduction technology [ART] outcomes. In this obsevationalprospective study, the intake levels of vitamin A, C, and E were matured by validated food frequency questionnaire and Malondialdehyde and the total antioxidant capacity [TAC] levels of follicular fluid [FF] in 219 women undergoing ART were assessed. The number of retrieved oocytes, percentages of metaphase II MII] stage oocytes, fertilization rate, and embryo quality were also determined. No significant association was found between vitamins intake levels and OS biomarkers, but the mean of TAC level in FF among women who received vitamin C greater than 75 mg/d was higher than women with lower intakes [p<0.05]. The ART parameters were not related to the vitamin E intake level, but the normal cleaved embryo rate was positively related to vitamin A [p<0.05] and vitamin C [p=0.02] intake levels. Also, the percentage of MII oocytes [p=0.02] and the fertilization rate [p<0.05] were related to the vitamin C intake level. The relation between the TAC level in FF and ART outcomes were not significant. Current results indicated that high dietary intake of vitamin C would be followed by increasing the TAC level in FF and improving the oocyte competence, but this effect of vitamin C is not dependent of increasing of antioxidant defense in follicular environment

Relationship between dietary fat intake, its major food sources and assisted reproduction parameters

High dietary fat consumption may alter oocyte development and embryonic development. This prospective study was conducted to determine the relation between dietary fat consumption level, its food sources and the assisted reproduction parameters. A prospective study was conducted on 240 infertile women. In assisted reproduction treatment cycle, fat consumption and major food sources over the previous three months were identified. The number of retrieved oocytes, metaphase II stage oocytes numbers, fertilization rate, embryo quality and clinical pregnancy rate were also determined. The data were analyzed using multiple regression, binary logistic regression, chi-square and t-test. The p-value of less than 0.05 was considered significant. Total fat intake adjusted for age, body mass index, physical activity and etiology of infertility was positively associated with the number of retrieved oocytes and inversely associated with the high embryo quality rate. An inverse association was observed between sausage and turkey ham intake and the number of retrieved oocytes. Also, oil intake level had an inverse association with good cleavage rate. The results revealed that higher levels of fat consumption tend to increase the number of retrieved oocytes and were adversely related to embryonic development. Among food sources of fat, vegetable oil, sausage and turkey ham intake may adversely affect assisted reproduction parameters

Relationship between energy expenditure related factors and oxidative stress in follicular fluid

Background: This study evaluated the impact of body mass index [BMI], total calorie intake and physical activity [PA] as energy expenditure related factors on oxidative stress [OS] in follicular fluid [FF]

Materials and Methods: This prospective study conducted on 219 infertile women. We evaluated patients' BMI, total calorie intake and PA in their assisted reproduction treatment cycles. Malondialdehyde [MDA] and total antioxidant capacity [TAC] in pooled FF at oocyte retrieval were additionally assessed

Results: There was no relation between OS biomarkers to total calorie intake and PA. The TAC levels in FF adjusted for age, duration of infertility, etiology of infertility, number of used gonadotrophin and PA showed a positive relation to BMI [p=0.001]. The number of used gonadotrophin and PA had a negative relation to duration of infertility [p=0.03] and anovulation disorder as an etiology of infertility. The MDA level in FF had a positive association with anovulation disorder as the etiology of infertility [p=0.02]. MDA in FF was unaffected by BMI

Conclusion: Increasing age, BMI and PA do not affect OS in FF. In women with longtime infertility and those with anovulation disorder as an etiology of infertility, decreased potent antioxidant defense in the follicular microenvironment may contribute to ovarian function. Therefore antioxidant supplements may be beneficial for these groups of women

Does dietary fat intake influence oocyte competence and embryo quality by inducing oxidative stress in follicular fluid?

Fat-rich diet may alter oocyte development and maturation and embryonic development by inducing oxidative stress [OS] in follicular environment To investigate the relationship between fat intake and oxidative stress with oocyte competence and embryo quality. In observational study follicular fluid was collected from 236 women undergoing assisted reproduction program. Malon-di-aldehyde [MDA] levels and total antioxidant capacity [TAC] levels of follicular fluid were assessed as oxidative stress biomarkers. In assisted reproduction treatment cycle fat consumption and its component were assessed. A percentage of metaphase Second stage oocytes, fertilization rate were considered as markers of oocyte competence and non-fragmented embryo rate, mean of blastomer and good cleavage [embryos with more than 5 cells on 3 days post insemination] rate were considered as markers of embryo quality. The MDA level in follicular fluid was positively related to polyunsaturated fatty acids intake level [p=0.02] and negatively associated with good cleavage rate [p=0.045]. Also good cleavage rate [p=0.005] and mean of blastomer [p=0.006] was negatively associated with polyunsaturated fatty acids intake levels. The percentage of metaphase Second stage oocyte was positively related to the TAC levels in follicular fluid [p=0.046]. The relationship between the OS biomarkers in FF and the fertilization rate was not significant. These findings revealed that fat rich diet may induce the OS in oocyte environment and negatively influence embryonic development. This effect can partially be accounted by polyunsaturated fatty acids uptake while oocyte maturation is related to TAC and oocytes with low total antioxidant capacity have lower chance for fertilization and further development

Comparison of predisposing and effective factors on divorce application between men and women

With regard to his human and social nature, sympathy is required that men and women live together in peace and rest. Since that family is manifestation and expression of life and love, divorce is a critical that consequences and undesirable effects on individuals, families and society. The present study based on gender People requesting a divorce in the family courts in Tehran has paid during the years 2006-2007. The sample included 300 people referred from the courts, and cross-sectional study approach, with structured interview was conducted. Causes and reasons for divorce after the interview and identified as economic factors, psychological, cultural - social, sexual problems, physical, addiction, violence and marriage with this classification and statistical methods chi-square, Fisher and Mann - Whitney two groups were compared. Results showed that although most divorce because both gender [84.4% of women and 90% of men] lack of understanding and compromise has been divorce for women, but more influenced by socioeconomic status [P< 0.001], violence [P< 0.001] sexual problems [P= 0.048] and addiction [P= 0.001], while men were more due to cultural problems - social [P= 0.023] had been demanded divorce. The results also suggested the counseling of premarital and to aware in the field of professional advice at the time of the divorce that it can prevent the occurrence divorce

survey of divorce incidence in divorce applicants in Tehran

To study the qualification of divorce main factors so that it would be clarified proper consultation-intervention solutions to decrease it by counseling methods in the courts and counseling clinics. The divorce is categorized as the most tragic of social phenomenon, the damages and problems of which undergone by the couple and their families before and after divorce and the effective factors of this phenomenon incidence have been studied for many years. Divorce has different factors and it can never clarify a specific one as the main factor of divorce. This survey studied the divorce creating factors in divorce applicants in Tehran Family courts [Shahid Mahalati-Vanak] during 2010-2011. The applicants of sampling group were including 300 referred ones from the courts, and the research method was descriptive and cross-sectional accomplishing by structured interview. Findings were shown as frequency and percent. The results showed that the important factors of divorce request are including in order of psychic factors [93.3%], social and cultural factors [87.3%], sexual factors [88%], economical factors [80.3%], and violence [84.3%], and it may be multi-factors as well. In addition to recommendation for more study in these fields, the results of this survey suggest to apply the necessary programming in teaching and counseling before the marriage as well as the necessity of informing the couple in receiving professional consults in time of problem incidence and proceeding for divorce in order to prevent from divorce incidence

[Health-Related Quality of life in Iranian Couples Receiving IVF/ICSI Treatment]

Obejective [s]: infertile couples receiving IVF / ICSI treatment may be at higher risk of developing psychological or health-related problems. Identification of these groups at risk may enable better allocation for appropriate counseling

Methods: a total of 1028 [516 women and 512 men] were invited to complete health survey short form [SF-36] questionnaire prior to initiating IVF / ICSI treatment in Vali.e.Asr hospital and Rooyan infertility center.The patient's demographic and clinical characteristics were also recorded

Results: male SF-36 scores were higher than those reported by women. Quality of life increased with advancing age, level of education, economic status, in working women and infertality due to male factor

Conclusion: Infertile couples are at risk of a sub- optimal quality of life. Psychological counselling, especially support psychotherapy, must be regarded for patients in order to increase their quality of life

Psychiatric Intervention Improved Pregnancy Rates in Infertile Couples

Background: Infertility has mental, social, and reproductive consequences. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect of psychiatric intervention on the pregnancy rate of infertile couples. Methods: In an experimental and intervention-control study, 638 infertile patients who were referred to a university infertility clinic were evaluated; 140 couples (280 patients) with depression (from mild to severe) in at least one of the spouses were followed. All couples provided informed consent and were randomly numbered from 1 to 140. Those with even numbers were assigned to the psychological intervention before infertility treatment, and those with odd numbers were assigned to the psychological intervention during infertility treatment. Patients in the experimental group received 6–8 sessions of psychotherapy (individually) before beginning infertility treatment and were given Fluoxetine (antidepressant) at 20–60 mg per day during the psychotherapy period. The control group did not receive any intervention. Three questionnaires, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI), the Stress Scale (Holmes-Rahe), and a sociodemographic questionnaire, were administered to all patients before and after treatment. The clinical pregnancy rate was compared between the two groups based on sonographic detection of gestational sac 6 weeks after the last menstrual period. The data were analysed by t test, X2 and logistic regression methods. Results: Pregnancy occurred in 33 (47.1%) couples in the treatment group and in only 5 (7.1%) couples in the control group. There was a significant difference in pregnancy rate between the treatment and control groups (X2= 28.318, P < 0.001). To determine the effectiveness of psychiatric interventions on pregnancy, a logistic regression analysis was used. In this analysis, all demographic and infertility variables were entered in a stepwise manner. The results showed that in the treatment group, Pregnancy in the treatment group was 14 times higher than the control group (95% CI 4.8 to 41.7). Furthermore, cause of infertility was an effective factor of pregnancy. The adjusted odds ratio in male factor infertility was 0.115 (95% CI 0.02 to 0.55) and in both factors (male and female) infertility was 0.142 (95% CI 0.03 to 0.76) compared with the unexplained group. In this study, no other variables had any significant effect on pregnancy. Conclusion: Based on the effectiveness of psychiatric interventions in increasing pregnancy rate, it is crucial to mandate psychiatric counselling in all fertility centres in order to diagnose and treat infertile patients with psychiatric disorders.

Physical and psychological violence against infertile women

To investigate the prevalence of physical and psychological violence against women with female factor infertility. A total of 400 women with primary infertility attending the Vali-e-asr Reproductive Health Research Center in Tehran, Iran, were interviewed using the conflict tactics Scales [CTS2] questionnaire to investigate their experiences of physical and psychological violence. The prevalence of psychological violence was 135 [33.8%], followed by physical 56 [14%]. All women reported their husbands to be the perpetrators. Clinicians should identify the abused women and provide them with medical care and supportive counseling

study of irrational beliefs, defense mechanisms and marital satisfaction in fertile and infertile women

This study aimed to compare irrational beliefs, defense mechanisms and marital satisfaction in fertile and infertile women. This study was a causal comparative survey performed on 30 fertile and 30 infertile women chosen by available and simple random sampling out of the whole clients referred to Vali-e-Asr Reproductive Health Research Center from February 2009 to September 2009. The instruments of measurement included 3 questionnaires: Jones irrational beliefs, defense mechanisms and ENRICH marital satisfaction which were performed on samples. Data were analyzed by SPSS-16 software. The scale of subtests of Jones irrational beliefs, defense mechanisms and marital satisfaction were significantly different in fertile and infertile women. The results of this study showed that infertile women use irrational beliefs and defense mechanisms more than fertile women and their marital satisfaction is less than fertile women

[Factors influencing quality of life among infertile women]

Fertility is highly valued in most cultures, and the desire to have a child is essential for human motivation. Studies have shown that infertility has negative effects on quality of life. However, recognition of factors influencing quality of life may be useful in planning to improve it. The aim of this study was to investigate quality of life and influential factors among infertile women. This study had correlational design in which 3 types of questionnaires was used to collect data about demographic factors, quality of life and irrational parenthood cognitions of the participants. One hundred forty seven infertile women without known physical or psychological disorders, selected by continuous sampling method, filled out questionnaires. Regarding the findings, the quality of life of 48.3%, 36.1% and 15.6% of samples were good, fair and poor, respectively. Also, statistically meaningful relationship were found between quality of life and history of infertility treatment [P=0.011], strength of desire to have child [P<0.0001], previous pregnancy outcome [P=0.04], and irrational parenthood cognitions [P<0.0001]. Quality of life of infertile women could be affected by the irrational parenthood cognitions mostly. So, identifying this group would result in better management for allocation of appropriate counseling. The researchers suggest comparative study of quality of life between infertile and fertile women

Comparison of early and mid-trimester amniocentesis in 1459 amniotic fluid cultures

Early amniocentesis is a new context in prenatal diagnosis. However, the consequences of this procedure are not known clearly. We compared cytogenetic results of 655 amniotic fluid samples obtained at 12-14 gestational weeks [early amniocentesis, EA] and 804 samples at 15-18 gestational weeks [mid-trimester amniocentesis, MA]. The rate of chromosomal abnormalities for early amniocentesis was 3.2% [21 cases] and for mid-trimester amniocentesis was 5.3% [43 cases] [p=0.047]. True mosaicism was seen in 2 cases MT group [p=1.000]. We did not have maternal cell contamination in either group. The ratio of repeat amniocentesis was 0.6 percent in the EA group compared with 0.2 percent in MA group [p=0.417]. Procedure-related early abortion [within the first 30 days after amniocentesis] was seen in 4 cases of EA [2.2%] and 3 cases of MA [1.5%] [p=0.719]. Hemorrhage occured in the same ratio. Intra-uterine fetal death [IUFD] was seen in 7 cases of MA, but not in any cases of EA [p=0.015]. Our findings showed comparable outcome in two method of amniocentesis, except for lower chromosomal abortion rate and IUFD